Which technology makes the network control programmable and allows for dynamic adjustments to traffic flow?

Software-defined networking (SDN) is the correct choice because it fundamentally changes the way network control is managed. In traditional networking, the control plane and the data plane are tightly coupled, meaning that networking hardware such as routers and switches dictate how data flows through the network. SDN, however, decouples these functions, allowing for a centralized control plane that can programmatically adjust the behavior of the network based on real-time requirements.

With SDN, administrators can adjust traffic flows dynamically using software applications, which enhances the agility and efficiency of the network. This programmability means that changes can be implemented swiftly to respond to new demands or conditions without needing to reconfigure physical hardware.

This flexibility is particularly beneficial in cloud environments, where traffic patterns can be highly variable and require quick adjustments to ensure optimal performance and resource utilization. SDN also supports more effective traffic management, security policies, and network automation, aligning perfectly with the needs of modern data center operations.

In contrast, the other options do not encapsulate the full spectrum of programmability and dynamic control essential to SDN. Application-defined networking focuses on optimizing application performance rather than overall network dynamics. Network function virtualization eliminates hardware dependencies but does not inherently provide the centralized control of traffic flows. Meanwhile,