Which open web application security project (OWASP) Top 9 Coding Flaws leads to security issues?

Direct object reference is a critical coding flaw identified by the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) that can lead to significant security issues. This vulnerability occurs when an application uses user-supplied input to access objects directly, such as files, database records, or any other resources. When proper access control measures are not implemented, attackers may manipulate the user input to access unauthorized resources.

For instance, if an application allows a user to access resources by specifying an object ID directly in the URL without validating their permissions, a malicious user may be able to alter that ID to view or modify data that they shouldn't have access to. This can result in unauthorized data disclosure, data loss, or data manipulation, which can severely compromise the application's integrity and the confidentiality of sensitive information.

Other options, while they represent serious security issues, are categorized differently. For example, cross-site scripting (XSS) is a flaw that allows attackers to execute scripts in the context of the user's browser, primarily targeting user sessions. Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks focus on overwhelming services to render them unavailable rather than exploiting coding flaws. Client-side injection vulnerabilities similarly deal with user input but are more specific in nature compared to direct object references. Thus, direct object reference