What threat causes issues like data loss and interruption of operations?

The option indicating malware is correct because malware encompasses a broad range of malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise computer systems and networks. This includes various actions, such as deleting or corrupting data, thereby leading to data loss. Additionally, malware can disrupt the normal functioning of operations by consuming resources, corrupting files, or interfering with system processes.

When malware infects an organization’s systems, it can lead to significant operational interruptions, as workers may be unable to access critical systems or data. This disruption can have cascading effects, impacting productivity and potentially leading to financial losses.

Phishing specifically targets users to gain access to sensitive information, but it does not directly cause operational interruptions or data loss. Ransomware, while a type of malware that encrypts data for ransom, is a more specific threat primarily aimed at extortion rather than general data loss and operational disruption. Spyware focuses on gathering information without the user's knowledge and does not usually interfere with the overall functionality of systems in the same way that malware does.

Hence, malware is the broader category that directly addresses issues of both data loss and interruption of operations.