What is the database security technology that operates independently of the database management system (DBMS) called?

The database security technology that operates independently of the database management system (DBMS) is known as Database Activity Monitoring (DAM). This technology plays a crucial role in enhancing database security by monitoring and analyzing database activities and user interactions in real-time. Unlike other security measures that may depend on the specific functionalities of the DBMS itself, DAM can be implemented as a separate layer, providing additional oversight and protection.

This independence allows for more flexible security measures, as DAM tools can be utilized across different types of databases without being tied to a specific vendor or DBMS. They help in detecting suspicious activities, compliance violations, and unauthorized data access, thus contributing significantly to a comprehensive security strategy.

In contrast, database encryption primarily focuses on securing the data at rest or in transit but does not function independently from the DBMS in the same way that DAM does. Database backup is utilized for preserving data integrity and recovery purposes, and database replication is used for maintaining copies of databases across multiple locations for availability and performance, but neither fulfills the independent monitoring and analysis role that DAM provides.